The Past Participle
The past participle will be important in future lessons covering the perfect tenses. To form the past participle, simply drop the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and add -ado (for -ar verbs) or -ido (for -er, -ir verbs).
hablar - ar + ado = hablado comer - er + ido = comido vivir - ir + ido = vivido
The following common verbs have irregular past participles:
Note that compound verbs based on the irregular verbs inherit the same irregularities. Here are a few examples:
componer – compuesto describir – descrito devolver - devuelto
Tarea 2:
Traduzcan al inglés: (Usen artículos)
Most past participles can be used as adjectives. Like other adjectives, they agree in gender and number with the nouns that they modify.
La puerta está cerrada. The door is closed.
Las puertas están cerradas. The doors are closed.
El restaurante está abierto. The restaurant is open.
Los restaurantes están abiertos. The restaurants are open.
The past participle can be combined with the verb "ser" to express the passive voice. Use this construction when an action is being described, and introduce the doer of the action with the word "por."
La casa fue construida por los carpinteros. The house was built by the carpenters.
La tienda es abierta todos los días por el dueño. The store is opened every day by the owner.
Note that for -er and -ir verbs, if the stem ends in vowels a, e or o, a written accent will be required.
creer – creído oír – oído; leer – leído; traer – traído; caer - caído
Note: this rule does not apply, and no written accent is required for verbs ending in -uir. (construir, seguir, influir, distinguir, etc.)
abandonado
abandoned, dejected, crest-fallen
abierto
open, wide-open, opened
abolido
abolished, banned
aburrido
bored, boring
asado
roasted, barbecued, grilled
asustado
scared, frightened, chicken
caído
fallen
cansado
tired, exhausted, weary
casado
married
cortado
cut, clipped, sheared
cuadrado
square. quadrate
chiflado
off one's head, crazy, unbalanced
deprimido
depressed, depressing
desesperado
desperate, despairing, hopeless
dicho
said, stated
divertido
fun, amusing, entertaining
divorciado
divorced
¿ Cómo?
pregnant, expecting
enamorado
enamoured, in-love, infatuated
encuerado
nude, naked
enfadado
annoyed, angered
enojado
angry, mad
escrito
written
frito
fried
frustrado
frustrated, irritated
hecho
made, produced, done
helado
frozen, ice-cold
hervido
boiled
hinchado
swollen
invierto
inverted, upside-down
lastimado
harmed, hurt
lavado
washed
limpiado
cleaned
manifiesto
manifest, plain, obvious, evident
mojado
wet
numerado
numbered
observado
observed
ordenado
ordered
organizado
organized
perdido
lost
pesado
heavy, weighty, burdensome
preocupado
worried, concerned, preoccupied
pudrido
rotten, putrid, decayed
quebrado
broken
quemado
burnt, scorched, charred
querido
dear, beloved
revisado
checked, revised
roto
broken, torn, ripped
suelto
loose
usado
used
The past participle will be important in future lessons covering the perfect tenses. To form the past participle, simply drop the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and add -ado (for -ar verbs) or -ido (for -er, -ir verbs).
hablar - ar + ado = hablado comer - er + ido = comido vivir - ir + ido = vivido
- What are the irregular verbs?
The following common verbs have irregular past participles:
Note that compound verbs based on the irregular verbs inherit the same irregularities. Here are a few examples:
componer – compuesto describir – descrito devolver - devuelto
Tarea 2:
Traduzcan al inglés: (Usen artículos)
- The soaked socks los calcetines mojados
- The broken chair la silla rota
- The fried eggs los huevos fritos
- The eaten food la comida comida
- The discovered corpse el cadáver descubierta
- The written assignment la tarea escrita
- Pedro sat on a broken chair. Pedro se sentó en una silla rota.
- She vomited the eaten food. Ella vomitó la comida comida.
- We ate some fried eggs. Comimos unos huevos fritos.
- They reported the discovered corpse. Ellos informaron el cadaver descubierta.
- My mother found the soaked socks. Mi mamá encontró los calcetines mojados.
- I handed in the written assignment. Entregué la tarea escrita.
Most past participles can be used as adjectives. Like other adjectives, they agree in gender and number with the nouns that they modify.
La puerta está cerrada. The door is closed.
Las puertas están cerradas. The doors are closed.
El restaurante está abierto. The restaurant is open.
Los restaurantes están abiertos. The restaurants are open.
The past participle can be combined with the verb "ser" to express the passive voice. Use this construction when an action is being described, and introduce the doer of the action with the word "por."
La casa fue construida por los carpinteros. The house was built by the carpenters.
La tienda es abierta todos los días por el dueño. The store is opened every day by the owner.
Note that for -er and -ir verbs, if the stem ends in vowels a, e or o, a written accent will be required.
creer – creído oír – oído; leer – leído; traer – traído; caer - caído
Note: this rule does not apply, and no written accent is required for verbs ending in -uir. (construir, seguir, influir, distinguir, etc.)
abandonado
abandoned, dejected, crest-fallen
abierto
open, wide-open, opened
abolido
abolished, banned
aburrido
bored, boring
asado
roasted, barbecued, grilled
asustado
scared, frightened, chicken
caído
fallen
cansado
tired, exhausted, weary
casado
married
cortado
cut, clipped, sheared
cuadrado
square. quadrate
chiflado
off one's head, crazy, unbalanced
deprimido
depressed, depressing
desesperado
desperate, despairing, hopeless
dicho
said, stated
divertido
fun, amusing, entertaining
divorciado
divorced
¿ Cómo?
pregnant, expecting
enamorado
enamoured, in-love, infatuated
encuerado
nude, naked
enfadado
annoyed, angered
enojado
angry, mad
escrito
written
frito
fried
frustrado
frustrated, irritated
hecho
made, produced, done
helado
frozen, ice-cold
hervido
boiled
hinchado
swollen
invierto
inverted, upside-down
lastimado
harmed, hurt
lavado
washed
limpiado
cleaned
manifiesto
manifest, plain, obvious, evident
mojado
wet
numerado
numbered
observado
observed
ordenado
ordered
organizado
organized
perdido
lost
pesado
heavy, weighty, burdensome
preocupado
worried, concerned, preoccupied
pudrido
rotten, putrid, decayed
quebrado
broken
quemado
burnt, scorched, charred
querido
dear, beloved
revisado
checked, revised
roto
broken, torn, ripped
suelto
loose
usado
used